SALTY LANGUAGE
Warning: the following contains salty language!
People have been using salt for thousands of years. Today, there are over 14,000 known uses for salt, from flavouring and preserving foods to de-icing roads. (Road salt from the Pugwash mine helps keep us safe in winter!)
Salt is also essential for good health. Your body needs it to transmit nerve impulses, contract and relax muscle fibers, including those in the heart and blood vessels, and maintain a proper fluid balance.
Four of the 11 ingredients in the Pfizer Covid vaccine are types of salt, including sodium chloride (aka table salt). The salts help maintain the pH and stability of the vaccine.
Something so important has inevitably given us a number of words, expressions and customs throughout history. Here are some examples:
- Roman soldiers were partly paid in salt. This is where the word soldier comes from – “sal dare,” meaning to give salt. ("Sal" is the Latin word for salt). This is also where the word salary originated - “salarium”.
- The word “salad” comes from the early Romans putting salt on their leafy greens and vegetables.
- The words sauce and sausage also come from “sal.”
- A “covenant of salt,” a term used in the Bible, means to seal a deal by eating salt together. If two parties entered into an agreement, they would eat salt in the presence of witnesses, and that act would make their agreement legally binding.
- The expression “back to the salt mines,” which is used ironically today when someone has to do something they don’t want to, alludes to the Russian practice of punishing prisoners by sending them to work in the salt mines of Siberia. (Working at the Pugwash salt mine means earning high pay in a great job so the expression is a positive to us!)
- The expression “not worth his salt” stems from the practice of trading slaves for salt in ancient Greece.
- Sitting above or below the salt indicated a person’s rank in society – it’s a reference to the seating arrangement at a feast and how close or far a person was to the salt on the table.
- Saying someone is the “salt of the earth” is high praise that reflects salt’s importance.
- Salting the earth" refers to an ancient military practice of plowing fields with salt so no crops could be grown.
- There are a number of salt expressions that refer to sea water and sailors. For example, “salty language” refers to bad words used by sailors. Salty also means angry or irritable, another reference to sailors. An “old salt” is an experienced sailor.
- Rubbing salt in someone’s wound means to make a bad situation worse but it comes from the practice of using salt as an antiseptic. After a sailor was whipped as punishment on a British naval ship, salt was rubbed in his wounds to prevent infection. It hurt at first but was ultimately good for him.
- To take a statement “with a grain of salt” is to accept it while maintaining some skepticism about its truth. This comes from the fact that food, even bad-tasting food, tastes better with salt on it. Roman author Pliny the Elder also wrote about how King Mithridates VI of Pontus ate small quantities of poisons to build up immunity to them – and he ate them with a grain of salt to make them easier to swallow.
- To “salt away” money comes from the practice of using salt to preserve meat and fish.
- Spilling salt is considered bad luck, presumably because salt is so important. According to tradition, when someone spills salt, they should throw a pinch over their left shoulders to ward off any devils that may be lurking behind.
- In Buddhist tradition, salt repels evil spirits, which is why it is customary to throw salt over your shoulder before entering your house after a funeral: it scares off any evil spirits that may be clinging to your back.
- Before sumo wrestlers enter the ring for a match, a handful of salt is thrown into the center to drive off malevolent spirits.
Rock Salt
USES
Most people probably think of salt as simply a white granular food seasoning. In fact, only 6% of all salt manufactured goes into food. We use salt in more than 14,000 different ways from the making of products as varied as plastic, paper, glass, polyester, rubber and fertilisers to household bleach, soaps, detergents and dyes.
Industrial Uses
68% of salt is used for manufacturing and other industrial processes. Its major chemical products are caustic soda and chlorine, which are separated by the electrolysis of a pure brine solution. These are used in the manufacture of PVC, plastics, paper pulp and many other inorganic and organic compounds.
Salt is also used as a flux in the production of aluminium. For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants.
It is also used in the manufacture of soaps and glycerine, where it is added to the vat to precipitate out the saponified products. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, and another use is in the firing of pottery, when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong glaze.
Other applications within the chemical industry include:
- Road Salt: Nova Scotia can have very slippery winters. That’s why we use salt on our roads to help keep Nova Scotians safe in winter. In fact, the salt mine in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, supplies all of our road salt.
- Textiles: For example leather tanning, finishing of wool and cotton and for dyeing and bleaching.
- Waste and water treatment: Soft water doesn’t contain the hard minerals like calcium and magnesium that cause scale buildup. And the benefits are countless. Appliances run better, last longer and are cheaper to operate. And studies show that, with soft water, you can use half as much laundry detergent at colder temperatures and still get better results than with hard water.
- Pharmaceuticals: Salt provides the life essential nutrients sodium and chlorine regulating and impacting many body and hormonal systems. In some medical conditions the ingestions of those nutrients becomes crucial to treat and to reinstall the electrolyte balance in the body.
- Pampering: It is commonly used in SPAs and health resorts dissolved in baths (bath salts) and for foot baths at home!
Salt from the mine in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, helps keep our roads safe in winter. (Photo credit: Chronicle Herald)
Salt and your Health
- Sodium, or salt, is essential to good health. It's needed to transmit nerve impulses, contract and relax muscle fibers (including those in the heart and blood vessels), and maintain a proper fluid balance.
- To survive everyone needs to consume sodium regularly. It is a principal component of a person’s internal environment – the extracelluar fluid. Nutrients reach your body’s cells through these fluids. Sodium facilitates many bodily functions including fluid volume and acid-base balance.
- An adult human body contains about 250 grams of salt and any excess is naturally excreted by the body.
- Sodium enables the transmission of nerve impulses around the body. It is an electrolyte, like potassium, calcium and magnesium; it regulates the electrical charges moving in and out of the cells in the body. It controls your taste, smell and tactile processes. The presence of sodium ions is essential for the contraction of muscles, including that largest and most important muscle, the heart. It is fundamental to the operation of signals to and from the brain. Without sufficient sodium your senses would be dulled and your nerves would not function.
Using salt on our roads in the Winter
- When the temperature dips to 0°C, water turns to ice. Salt works by dissolving in the water, creating brine that has a lower freezing temperature than pure water.
- In cold temperatures, snow can bind to the pavement, making it very difficult to remove. Winter salt prevents or breaks the bond between ice and the pavement, allowing snow and ice to be more easily plowed or shovelled.
- When dry road salt is spread on pavement, the salt mixes with the water droplets from the snow or ice to create salty water, which is called a brine solution. This liquid spreads out to cover a larger surface area.
- Salt that is sprayed with a manufactured brine solution is called pre-wet salt. This helps the salt to work faster to melt the ice and snow on the pavement.
- Brine solutions are also used for anti-icing. In this case, brine is applied on clear pavement before an expected storm. The liquid mixture dries on the paved surface. As the snow falls or frost forms it recreates the brine and prevents snow and ice from bonding to the road.
- The benefits of using brine solutions to prevent and melt ice include less salt, working at lower temperatures and staying where applied.
Winter driving. (Photo credit: Chronicle Herald)
HOW IS SALT MINED
Salt is generally produced one of four ways:
Rock Salt Mining:
Many rock salt mines use the room-and-pillar method of underground mining in which the resource is extracted, leaving ‘pillars’ of the material untouched, which creates ‘rooms.’
Solution Mining:
Solution mining involves injecting a solvent to dissolve and recover underground soluble salt minerals. The saturated brine is pumped to the surface for recovery via solar evaporation and further processing.
Seawater Evaporation:
Seawater is collected and allowed to evaporate in specially constructed concentration and evaporation ponds. The initial step concentrates the brine to raise the salinity and to allow various calcium, magnesium, and iron compounds to precipitate from solution. The brine circulates among a network of interconnecting gravity-fed ponds, with salinity increasing with each transfer. It takes approximately 2 to 5 years from the time seawater is initially introduced before the first salt is ready for harvest.
Inland Solar Evaporation:
The principles of solar salt concentration and production are similar to those along coastal margins except that salinity of inland lakes usually is greater than that of seawater and a yearly crop of salt can be harvested. As water flows over or beneath the surface, it dissolves minerals from underlying soils and rocks. The salt lakes are topographically lower than most of the surrounding areas and, therefore, become excellent sumps for mineral accumulation.
IN NOVA SCOTIA
327-342 million years ago, global sea levels rose and fell many times. This repeatedly flooded Nova Scotia with what we call the Windsor Sea. Nova Scotia was near the equator at the time so the sea also evaporated repeatedly in the heat. The evaporation of sea water left deposits of successive layers of salt. This process was repeated for millions of years until the original salt beds were far below the earth’s surface. Subterranean pressures and heat compressed the salt into Nova Scotia’s huge rock salt deposits.
In pre-colonial times the existence of salt springs and brine pools in various parts of the province was known to the Mi'kmaq.
The first recorded attempt to extract salt in Nova Scotia occurred at Salt Springs, Pictou County, in 1813. A 60 metre shaft was sunk to find the source of the brine found in salt springs in the area. It was unsuccessful but a few years later a small amount of salt was produced by evaporating some brine.
Although salt deposits in Nova Scotia occur in an arc stretching across Hants, Cumberland, Pictou, Antigonish, Inverness and Cape Breton Counties, the Malagash-Nappan-Pugwash area in Cumberland County has historically been the focus of mineral development.
In 1912, farmer Peter Murray of Malagash drilled a well, looking for water for his cows. When the water came out, it melted the ice and snow around it and it tasted salty. The general belief was that salt water had seeped inland from the Northumberland Strait, which is only 1,600 feet from the Murray farm, but the water in the well was actually saltier than sea water.
Murray was disappointed – the well was useless for his cattle - but he later realized that it was perfect for pickling. He would put the water in a barrel with pork and it made great salted meat. Word got around about his salt brine and it attracted the interest of two men from New Glasgow: Robert Chamber and George Walker MacKay.
A. Robert Chambers (aka Bob, 1880-1937) had been an engineer at Wabana Iron Mines, Bell Island, Newfoundland - his father was the discoverer of the Wabana deposit - before becoming Manager of Ore Mines and Quarries for the Nova Scotia Steel Company.
George Walker MacKay (1880 – 1972) was a civil engineer and had family money. His father, Forrest MacKay, was co-founder of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company of Trenton.
In 1917 Chambers convinced MacKay that searching for salt at Malagash was worth a try. The two formed a partnership and while Chambers remained in the employ of the Nova Scotia Steel Company, MacKay oversaw the drilling of test holes. A shaft was sunk and on Labour Day, 1918, the first salt was hoisted. Soon they were taking out salt at a rate of 30-40 tons a day. Horse wagons hauled the salt to the nearest rail point, eight miles away.
Malagash was Canada's first rock salt mine. Until then all Canadian salt came from evaporating salt brine.
The mine has a great origin story but running it was hard. It didn’t produce a reasonable profit for over two decades. At one point a majority of the company’s directors wanted to cease operating but MacKay and Chambers personally borrowed $50,000 from the Bank of Nova Scotia to purchase Malagash Salt Bonds and keep the company going.
The first mill was destroyed by a fire on July 28, 1923 which started from the diesel engine that ran either the hoist or mill (there were two engines). It burned for hours and consumed the mill and headframe. Each time the miners climbed up the shaft to escape they were forced to return to the bottom, 110 feet below, until the fire burned out hours later and they could finally exit the mine.
By 1948 the mine was producing 50,000-60,000 tons of salt annually, and had its own 10-mile railway, with the salt hauled out by diesel locomotives. The company also had shipping facilities on Tatamagouche Bay, near the mine site, with a warehouse that had a capacity of over 10,000 tons. Vessels up to 3,500 tons could be accommodated.
Over the years the salt was used a variety of ways, including the preservation of food, the processing of steel for ship’s plates and in the salt-fish industry.
Robert Chambers was a pioneer in investigating and advocating the use of salt on roads, and the company eventually convinced the Government of Ontario to try it in the 1950s. Ontario became an important market for the company as the practice was adopted. Today, road salt reduces crashes on winter roads by 88%.
With the deposit at Malagash being nearly exhausted, the company explored for other deposits, eventually finding a massive deposit in Pugwash. Work on a shaft in Pugwash began in 1954 and the mine there opened in 1959, the same year the Malagash mine shut down after producing two million tons of salt.
The salt mine in Pugwash, Nova Scotia (Photo credit: Chronicle Herald)
The Pugwash mine is still in operation, providing all of Nova Scotia’s road salt and keeping Nova Scotians safe each winter.
Salt brine was also discovered in a well at Nappan, just west of Amherst, in 1927. It was thought initially that the location might produce oil, but drilling was unproductive. Later tests uncovered the existence of huge underground salt deposits instead and these have been worked by solution mining since 1947. In this process, hot water is pumped into drill holes under pressure and the resulting salt brine is pumped back out, then sent through a settling and evaporation process at the surface to produce a high-purity salt.
Farmer Peter Murray did eventually find a good well that provided water for his cows, but it wasn’t easy - 14 consecutive drilled wells tapped brine, not drinkable water, an indication of just how big the salt deposit in Malagash was.
Further reading:
https://www.seasalt.com/history-of-salt
http://www.maldonsalt.co.uk/About-Salt-Where-does-Salt-come-from.html
http://www.saltinstitute.org/
https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/salthalite/
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925341,00.html
https://novascotia.ca/archives/meninmines/salt.asp?Language=English